I think the spam problem can be best attacked on ths technical side. The protocols for email were established long before anyone imagined SPAM would become such a problem. There have been a patchwork of afterthought spam interventions, by ISPs, by email services, and at the end user's PC, but email by and large continues to use a patchwork on top of old protocols not suited to the task. I haven't ever really looked at the protocols, certainly not recently, but I think a starting point should be something like a real identity registration that can be verified, something like DNS registration, so you could tell the true source of email without having to use heuristics to guess at the identity or what the content is. Even venturing at an design gets complicated enough to require a task force and years of discussions, never mind implementation. But I think a better technology could make it easier to weed out spammers - through legal means or simpler, more accurate screening; while also having a lighter impact on small organizations and business that need reliable ability to contact their clients than the current patchwork. Charlie Heath Town Websites